The Quran addresses the concept of guidance, truth, and the responsibility to seek knowledge, but it also extends compassion to those who have not come to know or understand Islam. Islam teaches that Allah (SWT) is both just and merciful, and these qualities are particularly relevant when it comes to people who have not received the message of Islam or who lack sufficient understanding of it.
God's Justice and Mercy
The Quran emphasises that Allah is fair and just, and this justice takes into account every individual's circumstances, knowledge, and intentions. In Surah Al-Isra (17:15), it says, “And We do not punish until We have sent a messenger.” This verse indicates that Allah (SWT) does not hold people accountable until they have been given a clear opportunity to understand and choose the right path.
This concept is rooted in the belief that everyone should have a fair chance to understand Islam before being judged. Therefore, individuals who have not been exposed to the teachings of Islam or do not know them in a clear and true form are not held to the same standards as those who have received and understood the message.
Those Without Access to the Message
The Quran’s teachings suggest that those who have not had the chance to learn about Islam—whether due to geographical, cultural, or social reasons—are shown mercy. Islam teaches that Allah (SWT) knows everyone’s circumstances and judges people according to their knowledge, intentions, and abilities. Surah An-Nisa (4:165) reminds us that messengers were sent to every people as a form of guidance so that they could not say, “We were not aware.”
In cases where individuals have genuinely not encountered or comprehended the message, many scholars believe they will be judged by Allah (SWT) on the basis of their conscience and actions. This view reinforces the idea of a merciful and understanding Creator who takes each person’s circumstances into account.
Judgement Based on Intentions and Deeds
The Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) place great emphasis on intentions. Even for those who know about Islam, intentions hold a significant place in how actions are judged. For those unfamiliar with Islam, their intentions and moral choices can weigh greatly in Allah (SWTs) judgement. In Surah Al-Baqarah (2:286), it states, “Allah does not burden a soul beyond that it can bear.” This reinforces the concept that each individual is judged according to their own capacity, circumstances, and understanding.
The Principle of Fitrah
In Islamic belief, every person is born with an innate inclination towards goodness, known as fitrah. This natural disposition is seen as an inner compass guiding people to recognise basic moral values. Even if someone has not heard of Islam, they may still follow their fitrah by leading a life of kindness, compassion, and justice. According to Islamic teachings, Allah (SWT) takes this fitrah into account, valuing sincere actions and intentions, regardless of one’s formal knowledge of Islam.
Conclusion
The Quran provides a nuanced view of those who do not know about Islam, highlighting Allah (SWTs) justice, mercy, and the value placed on intentions and inner moral compass. Islam teaches that individuals who have not been exposed to the message of Islam, or who are unaware of its true essence, will not be unfairly judged. God’s judgement is fair, taking into account each person’s unique situation and what they genuinely understood.
Ultimately, Islam encourages Muslims to embody compassion, understanding, and patience when interacting with others. The message of Islam is one of peace, wisdom, and invitation, trusting that Allah (SWT) alone knows each person’s heart and circumstances.